OEconomia
type: channel
language: en
publication name: OEconomia
items: The Mediating Role of Brand Association in Public Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia: Determinants of the Effect of Positioning on Consumer Loyalty
items: Short Story Written Under Postmodernism: An Analytical Study
items: Moral Development of Adolescent and Religious Studies: A study of Pakistan
items: Reconstructing Meaning: Approaches to Lexical-Semantic Therapy in Aphasia
items: The conflict of life and death in Ghafir Shahzad's novel "Mokash"
items: A Spatio Temporal Comparative Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Change (LULC) between Sargodha District and Kaghan Valley, Pakistan
items: Challenges Faced by the Teachers in Managing Anti-Social and Challenging Behavior of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Contemporary Case of South Punjab
items: A study of Social Values in stories of Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi's collection "Kapass ka Phool"
items: Developing Multiple Intelligence Indices through Sports in University’s student-athletes: Examining Parental Support
items: Relationship of situational leadership with interpersonal relations and group dynamics at Gomal University DIKhan, KPK, Pakistan
items: Unveiling the Significance of Parental Involvement in Supporting Children with Hearing Impairment in Education: A Parental Perspective
items: Empowering Education: Unraveling the Administrative Role of Head Teachers in Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan
items: Aesthetic Values in the Poetry of Bashar bin Burd: An Expanded Descriptive Study
items: Quranic Case for Resurrection
items: Good Food Score Reflecting Health Status of the Families: A Predicting Approach through Machine Learning
items: Strategies Used by the Teachers to Manage the Antisocial & Challenging Behavior of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case of South Punjab
items: Critical Discourse Analysis of Violence in the Speeches of Pakistani Political Leaders
items: Illuminating Market Anomalies: An In-Depth Analysis of the Diwali Effect on the Indian Stock Market
items: Analyzing the Economic Growth of Pakistan: A Comprehensive Study of Fiscal and Monetary Policy Dynamics from 1991-92 to 2021-22
items: Exploring the Impact of Triplet Deficit Hypothesis on GDP Growth Rate: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Pakistan Economy from 1994-95 to 2020-21
items: Examining the Potential of Sports: Developing Selected Indices of Psychological Wellbeing among University Student-Athletes
items: Quantum Mysticism and its Scientific Implications
items: An Analytical Study of Nayer Masood's Stories Collection "Simiya"
items: Interdisciplinary Insights: Al-Biruni's Travels through the Lens of History, Anthropology, and Science
items: A Cordial letter to the “Quranists”
items: A Critical Review of Khalid Javed's Short Stories
items: Impact of Financial Literacy and Self-Control on Financial Well-Being: A Mediating Role of Financial Behavior
items: YouTube Advertisements: A blessing or a curse? Generation Z’s perspective about YouTube Advertisements
items: History, Culture, and Identity Crisis: An Ethnographic Study of Vadderas in Telangana State, India
items: Relationship between Population Attributes and Built-up Area Expansion in Sargodha District, Pakistan

The Mediating Role of Brand Association in Public Higher Education Institutions in Malaysia: Determinants of the Effect of Positioning on Consumer Loyalty
type: item
description: The research aims at testing a model of a study that determines the determinants of consumer loyalty at the higher education institutions (HEIs) in Malaysia, with reflection of brand association as the mediator. Although much has been done concerning loyalty in the business sphere, there has been little research conducted on positioning and brand association and their impact on building loyalty in the field of higher education, especially among international students. The survey on a structured survey tool consisting of measures using a Likert-scale was administered to 150 undergraduate and postgraduate students across different Malaysian PUBHIS. Cronbach's alpha, Composite Reliability, and the Fornell-Larcker criteria confirmed that the constructs were reliable and valid. There were four hypotheses tested using multiple regression. It has been found that positioning has a significant effect on consumer loyalty ( rho = 0.205, p = 0.012) and brand association ( rho = 0.260, p = 0.001). Brand association has a large coefficient that predicts loyalty (0.585, p < 0.001) and fails as a mediator of the positioning-loyalty association (0.053, p = 0.439). These findings imply that positioning and brand association are separate but related forces in loyalty. The article fulfils one of its gaps, which suggests that the paper combines the constructs of the dimension of attitudes and those of behaviour to loyalty within a higher education setting. The implication is that specific positioning strategies are required such that the emotional and cognitive connectedness with the students is addressed to strengthen the competitiveness of the institutions. Further studies are also needed to investigate more aspects, including perceived risk and culture, and the background of people, in a longitudinal or mixed-method study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Brand association, positioning, consumer loyalty, higher education, Malaysia.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shahrukh Salman
creator: Mazen Mohammed Farea
creator: Muhammad Nabeel Mirza
creator: Galiba Rahman Sylvia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 OEconomia
date: 2025-09-12
publication date: 2025-09-12
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.17108390

Short Story Written Under Postmodernism: An Analytical Study
type: item
description: When we examine the history of fiction, it becomes clear as day that the time when Premchand started writing fiction was a turbulent period in the history of India and Premchand was full of feelings of philanthropy and patriotism. Therefore, he took the path of realism to bring to light the pathological situation of his time and improve it. After that, the Progressive Movement was established in 1936. In the movement that broke the old concepts and beliefs and formulated the principles and theories for creating literature, ‘Literature for Life’ gained special importance and it is not possible to deny the fact that the Progressive Movement had a very deep and lasting impact on Urdu fiction. The progressive movement also owes its gratitude to Urdu fiction that this movement gave Urdu fiction a wide range of themes, but after liberating the country and embracing all the possibilities of external problems, the progressive movement became monotonous and lost its originality. Therefore, the new fiction writers of modern awareness raised their voices against it in response to establish their individuality and made internal emotions their motivation instead of external problems. By 1960, as a result of further deviations from the prevailing principles and ideas of the progressive movement, the trend of modernism emerged on the horizon of Urdu fiction. The fiction writers who supported this trend made a conscious effort to appear separate from the pre-progressive tradition. To carry out this effort, the fiction writers set a new landscape of literature, under which major changes took place in the content, form, style and technique of fiction. If we look at them, it can be seen that the trend that left the most impression on Urdu fiction after the progressive movement is modernism. The number of writers of symbolic and abstract fiction under modernism is quite long. This articles is based on the postmodernism of short stories of Anees Nagi and Saira Hashmi.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Premchand, history of fiction, feelings of philanthropy, patriotism, ‘Literature for Life’, Progressive Movement, 1960, Modernism, Postmodernism, Anees Nagi, Saira Hashmi
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Farzana Riaz
creator: Dr. Uzma Noreen
creator: Dr. Muhammad Irfan Ahsan Pasha
creator: Sumaira Liaqat
creator: Anayat ur Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 OEconomia
date: 2025-08-11
publication date: 2025-08-11
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.16801000

Moral Development of Adolescent and Religious Studies: A study of Pakistan
type: item
description: This study is designed to find out the role of the curriculum of Religious Studies of class IX and X of Punjab Textbook board, Pakistan in the Moral Development of Adolescents. Youths' moral knowledge and behavior grow more closely linked with their values and beliefs as their cognitive, emotional, and social development progresses. Moral development is thus the evolution of these guiding principles, as demonstrated by one's ability to put them into practice on a daily basis. The study is done by critical analysis of the Islamiyat textbook. The content of the Quran and Hadith is evaluated and the chapters’ content is analyzed to find out the moral aspect necessary for adolescence. In the current research, the characteristics of the moral growth stages are developed with particular emphasis on psychological needs and altruism.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Morals, Development, Curriculum, Adolescent, Islamiyat, Altruism, Psychological need
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Sadia Mushtaq
creator: Dr. Hafsah Ayaz
creator: Dr. Mussarrat Malik
creator: Ms. Ayesha Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-01-01
publication date: 2023-01-01

Reconstructing Meaning: Approaches to Lexical-Semantic Therapy in Aphasia
type: item
description: Word-finding difficulties are a hallmark of aphasia, often resulting from a breakdown in lexical-semantic processing. This disruption can make words difficult to retrieve due to issues with storage or accessibility. Impairments may occur at different levels of lexical processing—such as the lemma level, leading to verbal paraphasias, or at the phonological level, resulting in phonemic paraphasias. Cueing strategies are commonly employed to bridge these lexical-semantic gaps and support communication. Among the most widely used therapeutic approaches are Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA) and Phonological Components Analysis (PCA); however, these techniques are often applied without sufficient consideration of their appropriateness for individual profiles of impairment. The present study aimed to identify the locus of lexical-semantic breakdown in individuals with anomic aphasia and to determine the most effective therapy accordingly. Twelve participants with anomic aphasia were initially recruited. All underwent tasks involving phoneme judgment and semantic judgment to assess their specific language deficits. Two participants withdrew from the study. Of the remaining ten, four showed greater difficulty with phonological tasks (Group 1), and six with semantic tasks (Group 2). Group 1 received PCA-based therapy, while Group 2 received SFA-based training . Post-therapy assessments were conducted using the Boston Naming Test and the Action Naming Test. Results demonstrated significant improvement in naming performance and lexical retrieval accuracy in both groups, suggesting that therapy tailored to the underlying level of breakdown—semantic or phonological—can effectively enhance word retrieval in individuals with anomic aphasia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aphasia, Lexical Semantics, Semantic Feature Analysis, Speech and Language Intervention, Phonological Impairment.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Ibrahim abdelfattah Almajali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 OEconomia
date: 2025-05-24
publication date: 2025-05-24
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.15507305

The conflict of life and death in Ghafir Shahzad's novel "Mokash"
type: item
description: The novel "Mokash" by Ghafir Shahzad was published by Fiction House Lahore in 2023. In this novel, Ghafir Shahzad has tried to prove that some people are able to choose the place and time of their choice to die by making death a topic related to the deceased. Four characters in this novel, who are familiar to us to a recognizable extent, determine their own place and time to die. For example, Azhar Nafees, who lives in the narrow and dark streets of the inner city, dies at the radio canteen so that his relatives do not have difficulty in bringing his body to the funeral parlor, because in these streets he has seen the scene of another body being desecrated. This character's relationship with his past and present is so strong that the novelist had to create his counterpart to show it. Rahat Wasim, a curious person,'s progress towards spirituality, his attempt to hide his illness, and then his premeditation in choosing the place of his grave also reinforces the novelist's theory. After this, his mother's illness after coming to the city, the Corona epidemic The plot of dying and waiting until transportation was convenient, then dying in the city and then remaining safe in the hospital's cold storage for three days until the arrival of his children also serves as a major reference to the novelist's philosophy of life. And on top of all this, the story of Mustazad Ahsan Jamal dying among his loved ones in his village shows that these four characters were free to choose the place and time of their death, and despite not being able to defeat death, they did not become targets of its spirit of mockery. This philosophy has been discussed in the article.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: "Mokash", Ghafir Shahzad, Azhar Nafees, funeral parlor, character's relationship, Rahat Wasim, Corona epidemic, philosophy of life and death, spirit of mockery
  topic: keywords
creator: Nisar Danish
creator: Dr. Saeeda Hussain Afridi
creator: Dr. Parveen Kallu
creator: Dr.Aqsa Naseem Sindhu
creator: Dr. Assma Rani
creator: Dr. Hina Asghar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 OEconomia
date: 2025-04-27
publication date: 2025-04-27

A Spatio Temporal Comparative Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Change (LULC) between Sargodha District and Kaghan Valley, Pakistan
type: item
description: Land use land cove change (LULC) describes how human activities have altered the natural landscape including forest cover, pastures and water bodies into urban settings. Rapid population growth with urbanization has changed the land surface in almost every part of the world especially developing countries. Current study is the comparative analysis of LULC between Sargodha district (a plain area) and Kaghan Valley (a tourist hill station). The study was conducted over a period of 20 years using satellite images of both sites. These images were obtained from USGS website and classified through supervised classification scheme to create land use maps. The results revealed that natural land cover on both sites decreased while the built up area increased significantly during the time period. The results showed that built up area in Sargodha increased 42% during 2000-2020 while it increased 14% in Kaghan Valley during the same period. Vegetation cover decreased from 59.68% in 2000 to 36.69% in 2020 in Sargodha district.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Built-up, Land use Land cover, Spatial, Vegetation cover
  topic: keywords
creator: Omar Riaz
creator: Umer Younis
creator: Maryam Khalid
creator: Muhammad Umar Farooq
creator: Muhammad Hashim
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30

Challenges Faced by the Teachers in Managing Anti-Social and Challenging Behavior of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Contemporary Case of South Punjab
type: item
description: This research was initiated, consequently, to answer the challenges faced the teacher in handling anti-social and challenging behavior of children having Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in special education institutes in south Punjab. The questionnaire was prepared by the researchers themselves to learn more about the instructors' collective outlook about ASD children and investigate the problems teacher face in managing the behavior of autistic children in Southern Punjab. Each component was designed with consideration for individual and institutional issues like humiliation, stands accountable, limited Option, scolding from other staff, working with too many roles, large class size, can’t use diversity (evenness), minimal resources, sensory Issues effect One-on-One session are the departmental problems and effect self-efficacy, feeling fatigue, anxiety, awkward feeling, physical harm and mental stress are the personal problems teachers face in managing the behavior of autistic child. In the present study, 286 special education instructors from across three districts in southern Punjab participated. Data from a quantitative study was used in this investigation. Professionals working in the field of special education drafted and reviewed the questionnaires. Conclusions were drawn from the participants' replies. The results of the study support our statements that teachers face many problems in managing the autistics behavior. The research recommends that trainings for teachers should be conduct especially for behavior management of autistic children so they can effectively manage the anti-social and challenging behavior of children having autism spectrum disorder in a better way.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Special Education, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Special Educators
  topic: keywords
creator: Fariha Iqbal
creator: Mahnoor Fatima
creator: Dr. Muhammad Javed Aftab
creator: Arshia Naseer
creator: Aneeza Buzdar
creator: Mst. Misbah Khurshid
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-06-30
publication date: 2023-06-30

A study of Social Values in stories of Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi's collection "Kapass ka Phool"
type: item
description: "Kapass ka Phool"is a collection of 17 short stories of Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi. He has beautifully depicted the rural life, in his short stories there is a lot to read about social and economic inequalitiesThis story collection of Qasmi was published for the first time from Maktaba Funoon Lahore in December 1973. It was also published for the first time in 1973 after being printed by R.R Printers Lahore. From the same institution, it was published for the second time in 1978, the third time in 1983 and the fourth time in 1986 in the number of 1000, the cover of which was made by the well-known artist Ghulam Mustafa and the duties of painting were performed by Hashim Ul Uzma. The same collection was printed by Shirk Printing Press Lahore. Then Asatir published it in 2002 under the auspices of First Cations Lahore. The number of publications is eleven hundred (1100) and pages are two hundred and seventy-six
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr.Aziza Saeed
creator: Dr.Khizra Tabassum
creator: Dr.Syeda Attiya Khalid
creator: Dr. Sobia Manzoor
creator: Hafiza Ayesha Saddiqa
creator: Dr. Mutahir Shah
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Developing Multiple Intelligence Indices through Sports in University’s student-athletes: Examining Parental Support
type: item
description: This study examined the role of parental support in the development of multiple intelligence components of student-athletes at universities level. A sample of n=419 (males=294; females=125) completed Sport-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Multiple Intelligence Questionnaire (MIQ). A descriptive survey research design facilitated the current study. Collected data were analyzed by using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Frequency and percentage were used to describe the gender based details of the participants, while correlation, regression, and t-Test were applied for testing of hypotheses. The analyzed data indicated that both parental support and multiple intelligence components developed through sports significantly associated with each other (r=.883**). These findings have been confirmed by regression analysis, and the analyzed inferences reported positive influence of parental support on developing multiple intelligence components in universities’ student-athletes (p < .05). When comparing the gender-based differences, the analyzed data revealed no statistically significant difference between male and female student-athletes on parental support and multiple intelligence components. Based on the findings, it has been concluded that parents have significant role in developing multiple intelligence competencies of their children through sports participation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Parental support, multiple intelligence competences, Student-athletes
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Irfan Ullah Bangash
creator: Haider Zaman
creator: Taj Mali Khan
creator: Ali Hassnain
creator: Tayyaba Asif
creator: Dr. Wasim Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Relationship of situational leadership with interpersonal relations and group dynamics at Gomal University DIKhan, KPK, Pakistan
type: item
description: This study intends to identify relationship of situational leadership with interpersonal relations and group dynamics. Main objectives were to identify significant relationship of situational leadership with interpersonal relations, to explore significant relationship of situational leadership with group dynamics. Hypotheses to be tested were; there is no significant relationship of situational leadership with interpersonal relations, there is no significant relationship of situational leadership with group dynamics. This research study was quantitative in nature and methodology of the study was descriptive. Three self-made questionnaires were used to collect the data from respondents. Separate questionnaires were used for situational leadership, interpersonal relations and group dynamics. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were checked. Content validity of the questionnaires was checked by the experts and then questionnaires were improved as per directions given by the experts. Cronbach alpha coefficient was used to check reliability. It was 0.781, 0.793 and 0.811 for the scale of situational leadership, interpersonal relations and group dynamics respectively. All the 507 teachers of the Gomal University constituted population. According to Krejcie and Morgan (1970), 217 teachers were taken as a sample and were randomly selected using convenient sampling technique. After seeking proper permission from the Head of the Department, data was collected from the respondents. Pearson correlation coefficient was applied as suitable statistics. Findings showed significant relationship of situational leadership with interpersonal relations and group dynamics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Situational Leadership, Interpersonal Relations, Group Dynamics
  topic: keywords
creator: Gul Zaman
creator: Tyeba Ambreen Siddiqi
creator: Dr.Maryam Gul
creator: Munir Subhani
creator: Dr. Muhammad Shah
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Unveiling the Significance of Parental Involvement in Supporting Children with Hearing Impairment in Education: A Parental Perspective
type: item
description: This study explores parental involvement's pivotal role in shaping the educational experiences of hearing-impaired children, recognizing diverse perspectives and challenges among parents. It underscores active parental engagement's universal significance, transcending cultural boundaries. Employing a quantitative methodology with a descriptive focus, a sample of 150 parents of hearing-impaired children in Pakistan's Dera Ghazi Khan Division was randomly selected. Custom questionnaires were distributed physically and online, and data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings reveal a diverse participant profile, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches. Parental involvement strategies varied widely, necessitating multifaceted approaches. Challenges included understanding children's specific needs, communication barriers with educators, resource access, and work-life balance. Collaboration among stakeholders was seen as crucial. Gender, age, and qualifications influenced perspectives. In conclusion, this study provides insights into parental involvement complexities, advocating for inclusive educational environments. Practical implications for hearing-impaired children's education and future research and policy development are highlighted.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Significance, Parental Involvement, Support, Children, Hearing, Education, Perspective
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hina Hadayat Ali
creator: Dr. Muhammad Javed Aftab
creator: Dr. Rukhsana Bashir
creator: Farhat Munir
creator: Robina Naqvi
creator: Navid Ur Rehman
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Empowering Education: Unraveling the Administrative Role of Head Teachers in Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan
type: item
description: School leaders play a critical role in shaping the educational environment by facilitating communication, establishing supportive social connections, engaging in mentoring programs, and promoting progress. The position of school head teacher in educational administration is well-established, yet there remains ambiguity surrounding the proper and functional role of this post. Conflicting perceptions and expectations about the responsibilities of school leaders have been evident in research studies, underscoring the need for a comprehensive conceptualization of their role. In this study, we employed a quantitative research design to investigate the perceptions of teachers regarding the role of school leaders in District Nankana Sahib. The study utilized a random sampling technique, and data were collected through self-made questionnaires. The findings reveal that educational administration is vital for the effective functioning of the institution's system. Notably, the analysis highlights the importance of the notion of responsibility deeply embedded in the organizational mindset of educational institutions. Educational responsibility emerges as a fundamental requirement and should be accorded a central role in organizing analytics within educational institutions. The research sheds light on teachers' attitudes towards the head teacher's role in directing primary education, administration, motivation, and decision-making. The positive perceptions of school leaders' curriculum supervision, provision of instructional materials, motivation efforts, and participatory decision-making highlight the significance of effective leadership in fostering a positive and conducive school environment. The study emphasizes the importance of school leaders in promoting collaborative decision-making, instructional competence, and a supportive learning environment, ultimately contributing to improved teaching practices and student performance. However, it is essential to recognize the li…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Head teacher, Educational institution, Educational responsibilities, School leadership, Teacher perceptions, Curriculum supervision, Instructional materials, Motivation, Decision-making
  topic: keywords
creator: MuqaddasRani
creator: Asifa Ishaq
creator: Fazal Abbas
creator: Dr. Khalid Mahmood Arif
creator: Rizwana Bashir Zia
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Aesthetic Values in the Poetry of Bashar bin Burd: An Expanded Descriptive Study
type: item
description: The aesthetic dimensions of the revered Abbasid poet, Bashar bin Burd, are meticulously explored in this comprehensive study. Situated prominently among 8th-century poetic figures, Bashar's acclaim extends beyond historical transitions in the Arabic literary milieu, anchoring deeply in the intrinsic aesthetic profundity of his compositions. His verses, characterized by a seamless interplay of eloquence and elegance, challenge societal and literary conventions[1]. The paper further elucidates Bashar's unreserved embrace of sensuality and love, coupled with his adept use of metaphorical constructs and vivid imagery[2][3]. Furthermore, his association with the 'Udhari School, both as an influencer and a beneficiary, is examined, offering a nuanced perspective on its implications on his oeuvre[4]. The research provides an immersive journey through Bashar's poetic universe, serving as a lens to comprehend the broader aesthetic paradigms of the Abbasid literary epoch.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aesthetic, Poetry of Bashar bin Burd, Descriptive Study
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr.Abdul Saboor
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Quranic Case for Resurrection
type: item
description: Death has increasingly caused humans to investigate its reality and what lies after it, if something at all, with personal conviction and concern. Till date it remains a matter of speculation. We do not encounter arguments other than ‘faith’ from major world religions when justifying claims about life after death (LAD) as it is an unseen phenomenon. This paper attempts to analyse the Islamic idea of resurrection (after death) and its justification that is distinct from faith but instead contemplative in nature. To do this a legal lens was adopted which allowed the categorisation of selected Quranic arguments under the heading of direct evidence, indirect evidence and intuitive reasoning. Results: Four kinds of direct evidences are discussed under the themes of sleep, droughts, predictions and Quranic challenge. The section of indirect evidences narrows its scope only to two, out of many, broad possible signs that pointed towards the reality of resurrection. These include the signs found in nature such as sun and water as well as signs one finds within the human body such as the creation and function of human fingertips. Finally the last section tries to amalgamate Quran’s appeal to human rationality that facilitates the reader in accepting the possibility of resurrection and hence a final Day of Judgement. These include the notion of accountability, pleasure, pain and human agency.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Islam, Life After Death, Quran, Resurrection
  topic: keywords
creator: Maira F. Maneka
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Good Food Score Reflecting Health Status of the Families: A Predicting Approach through Machine Learning
type: item
description: The current scenario investigates the different factors that affect the Household Health Status (HHS) in Southern Punjab Pakistan. Household Good Food Score (GFS) indicate a family’s financial access to a variety of foods to meet their nutritional requirements. The primary source of information was 300 instances of households. A particularly coordinated overview for get-together responses was made according to FAO rules. The Weka classification for logistic regression was used to analyze the data. The cross validation estimated coefficients of the GFS, household head income, education level, and covid-19 status all have positive effects on HHS while the attribute household head age and size has a negative effect. The findings of that study indicate the correctly classified instances that out of 300 instances, 298 instances are correctly classified. So, 99% of that is the accuracy of this particular classifier. So, the value of the kappa statistic is 0.99 and it is considered a very good value. The study also suggested key policy recommendations to improve HHS and socioeconomic factors that affect households’ health scores.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Household health status, good food score, household socio-economics characteristics, logistic regression, Southern Punjab.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Hina Ali
creator: Hina Shafiq
creator: Zinaz Aisha
creator: Maria, Iftikhar
creator: Nazish Iftikhar
creator: Hira Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Strategies Used by the Teachers to Manage the Antisocial & Challenging Behavior of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case of South Punjab
type: item
description: Therefore, we decided to conduct this study to learn about and compile the methods/strategies used by special education teachers and other professionals working with children who have autism spectrum disorder to address problematic and antisocial behavior in the classroom. Researchers developed the questionnaire to inquire about how teachers in special education settings observe students with ASD and how they handle students with the disorder in the classroom. Careful thought went into the design of every detail for strategies like first determine the requirements than addressed, prepare for any situation, give choices, keep calm and cool in worst situation, teachers and other related specialists were use in managing the challenging behavior and for educational betterment teachers were speak word for word, clearly, and know what will happen next, makes directions clear and short and treat individually, and for improve social skill teacher were remove physical and sensory discomforts, motivate for play with others, use visual and social stories and also give space for his favorite toy or activity. Two hundred and eighty-six special education teachers from three different districts in southern Punjab took part in the current investigation. This analysis made use of numbers gathered from scientific research. Experts in the area of special education designed and assessed the surveys. Inferences were made based on the responses of the sample population. The study's findings corroborate our claims that educators use these strategies for managing the challenging behavior of students on the autism spectrum. The research recommends that trainings for teachers should be conducted specially to introduce the newest strategies for behavior management of autistic children so they might have their difficulties and antisocial conduct better managed with these strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Special Education, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Special Educators, Strategies
  topic: keywords
creator: Fariha Iqbal
creator: Dr. Muhammad Javed Aftab
creator: Dr. Muhammad Nazir
creator: Robina Naqvi
creator: Mariam Iqbal
creator: Dr. Khalid Saleem
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31

Critical Discourse Analysis of Violence in the Speeches of Pakistani Political Leaders
type: item
description: This is an analytical study of the discussion of opponents in the speeches of Pakistani politicians, in which it is observed that Political discourses are of much significance in the propagation of desired Political Ideologies. Through various phases of history, it is obvious that human beings have been representing self positively and others negatively. So the rhetoric of violence for negative other representation has been a prominent feature of political discourses. Similarly, the present research critically analysis the political speeches of five Pakistani politicians namely Imran Khan, Shahbaz Sharif, Asif Ali Zardari, Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad and Fazulur Rehman. The data for present research was collected from the fifteen speeches of these politicians (three speeches of each). The time span ranges from October 2015 to 11th November 2019 and the data have been collected from Newas Media channel's YouTube pages. The present research employees Van Dijk socio-cognitive modal and Wodak's 2001 modal of historical approach for the data. These models have been used in amended form, the rationale behind using the amended Modal the inclusion and exclusion of analytical categories present in the modal and in the speeches of the mentioned politicians. The level of analysis include word, sentence and discourse. The findings of the research reveal that war of words have been observed among the politicians, each of them has attempted to represent himself positively at the cost of others. The adjectives of derogative connotations have been used to represent the opponents. However, Mr. Khan has represented his opponents through his political discourse as the looters of national wealth likewise he has been represented as agents of Jews by Mr Rehman. Similarly, the war of words has also been observed in the political discourses of Shahbaz Sharif, Asif Ali Zardari, Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad and Fazulur Rehman. The research suggest that rhetoric of violence is a prominent feature of politic…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pakistan, Leaders, Speeches, violence, Discourse
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Shah Zaib Hayat
creator: Mahrukh Ali
creator: Rahat Sultan
creator: Dr. Nida Fatima
creator: Qurat-ul-Ain Ayyaz
creator: Dr. Sohail Akhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 OEconomia
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31

Illuminating Market Anomalies: An In-Depth Analysis of the Diwali Effect on the Indian Stock Market
type: item
description: This research delves into the intriguing phenomenon known as the "Diwali effect" in the Indian stock market, akin to the widely recognized "Santa Claus rally" observed in Western markets. The study meticulously investigates whether stock prices exhibit a discernible positive trend surrounding the Diwali festival, which holds significant cultural and economic importance in India. Through a thorough analysis of daily returns spanning from 2010 to 2023 across pivotal indices and individual stocks, the aim is to furnish empirical evidence regarding the existence and magnitude of this effect. The findings spotlight a consistent uptick in returns during the Diwali period, particularly noticeable within the domain of large-cap stocks. This observation underscores the substantial influence of festive sentiment on market dynamics, suggesting that Diwali exerts a palpable impact on investor behavior and market outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Utkarsh
creator: Brahma Naidu B
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

Analyzing the Economic Growth of Pakistan: A Comprehensive Study of Fiscal and Monetary Policy Dynamics from 1991-92 to 2021-22
type: item
description: Purpose: The present study was aimed at assessing the effectiveness of Fiscal Policy Dynamics in terms of Total Expenditure, Total Revenue and Fiscal Deficit Fiscal Deficit and Monetary Policy Dynamics in terms of Money Supply, Interest Rate, Inflation Rate and Exchange Rate towards GDP economic growth rate of Pakistan’s economy during 1991-92 to 2021-22. Method: Time series data set ranges from 1991-92 to 2021-22 from authenticated sources were utilized for present research study. Econometric analysis was done i.e Augmented Dickey Fuller Test, Log-linear response functions, Autoregressive Distribute Lags Model, Bound Test, Error Correction Mechanism, Variance Inflation Factors for checking multicollinearity in the model, Heteroscedasticity test, Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Test, Normality Test, Granger Causality Test, Impulse Response Function and Walt Test were employed. Results: Findings revealed that almost all respective tested variables in the regression model were either found stationary at level I(0) or by taking at 1st difference I(1). Since some of the variables were found stationary at level and some were also found stationary at 1st difference then application of Autoregressive distributed lag Model (ARDL) examined co-integrating relationships between tested variables in the regression model. F-Statisticss value of Bound Test revealed long run relationships of tested variables in the model. The value of Co-integrating equations was worked out almost negative and significant depicting adjustment speed from short run dynamics towards long run equilibrium. Application of Variance Inflation Factors almost indicated non-existence of severe multicollinearity in the model. With the application of Homoscedasticity Test, homoscedasticity was experienced among the explanatory variables in the model, because significant F-value rejected the HO hypothesis of no heteroscedasticity in the model. Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Test was employed to check serial correlation or au…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fiscal Deficit, Money Supply, GDP, ADF and Pakistan.
  topic: keywords
creator: Saima Munir
creator: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Niamat Ullah
creator: Shehla Mazhar
creator: Bushra Zaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

Exploring the Impact of Triplet Deficit Hypothesis on GDP Growth Rate: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Pakistan Economy from 1994-95 to 2020-21
type: item
description: Deficit and Trade Deficit as Triplet Deficit Hypothesis towards GDP (Qt) growth rate of Pakistan over period of time 1994-95 to 2020-21. Method: Time series data set ranges from 1994-95 to 2020-21 from authenticated sources were utilized for present research study. Econometric analysis was done i.e Augmented Dickey Fuller Test, Log-linear response functions, Autoregressive Distribute Lags Model, Bound Test, Error Correction Mechanism, Variance Inflation Factors for checking multicollinearity in the model, Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Test, Normality Test, Granger Causality Test, Impulse Response Function and Walt Test were employed. Results: Findings revealed that almost all respective tested variables in the regression model were either found stationary at level I(0), by taking at 1st difference I(1). Since some of the variables were found stationary at level and some were also found stationary at 1st difference then application of Autoregressive distributed lag Model (ARDL) examined co-integrating relationships between tested variables in the regression model. F-Statisticss value of Bound Test revealed long run relationships of tested variables in the model. The value of Co-integrating equations was worked out almost negative and significant depicting adjustment speed from short run dynamics towards long run equilibrium. Application of Variance Inflation Factors almost indicated non-existence of severe multicollinearity in the model. With the application of Homoscedasticity Test, homoscedasticity was experienced among the explanatory variables in the model, because significant F-value rejected the HO hypothesis of no heteroscedasticity in the model. Lagrange Multiplier (LM) Test was employed to check serial correlation or autocorrelation in the model. Significant F-Value of LM Test confirmed the non-existence of serial correlation or autocorrelation in the model. Findings of Granger Causality Test revealed bi-directional, uni-directional or no granger causal relations…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fiscal Deficit, Current Account Deficit, Trade Deficit, GDP, ADF and Pakistan.
  topic: keywords
creator: Shehla Mazhar
creator: Prof. Dr. Muhammad Niamat Ullah
creator: Bushra Zaman
creator: Saima Munir
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

Examining the Potential of Sports: Developing Selected Indices of Psychological Wellbeing among University Student-Athletes
type: item
description: The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sports participation, gender, and psychological well-being among university student-athletes. A cross-sectional survey design was used, with a sample size of 568 student-athletes (284 male and 284 female) from the Southern region of Punjab, Pakistan. Data were collected using standardized scales to measure sports participation frequency, intensity, and psychological well-being. Statistical analysis included correlation analysis, multiple linear regression, and independent samples t-tests. The main findings revealed a significant positive correlation between sports participation frequency and psychological well-being (r = 0.50, p < 0.001). Additionally, male student-athletes demonstrated stronger associations between sports participation and psychological well-being compared to females. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that both frequency (β = 0.25, p < 0.001) and intensity (β = 0.18, p < 0.001) of sports participation significantly predicted psychological well-being. Moreover, male student-athletes participating in individual sports reported higher levels of psychological well-being compared to those in team sports (t = 2.85, p = 0.004). These findings highlight the importance of sports participation in promoting psychological well-being among university student-athletes, with implications for mental health interventions and sports program development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sports participation, Psychological well-being, Student-athletes, Gender differences, & Cross-sectional survey
  topic: keywords
creator: Sundas Hashmi
creator: Dr. Wasim Khan
creator: Dr. Syed Asif Abbas
creator: Arshad Khan
creator: Sehar Mukhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

Quantum Mysticism and its Scientific Implications
type: item
description: The relation of mysticism with deep sciences is no mystery. Quantum mechanics have even deeper roots embedded in the mystic and spiritual interpretation of existence. There are different schools of thought in science of spirituality but quantum explanations are the one closest to mystic existence of everything. In this article we explain the quantum mysticism as understood by many scientists like Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrodinger and more specifically David Bohm. The Copenhagen interpretation and case of the Schrodinger’s cat would be presented and its latest and modern implications would be discussed as in quantum biology, microbiology, different processes like metamorphosis and their relationship with mysticism, spirituality would be discussed in detail. The purpose of the paper is purely to introduce the new interpretation of mystic sciences and their modern implications in general. This newly introduced science of spirituality isn’t well known among masses trying to understand spirituality. The neurological aspects of spiritual life of a person would be presented for the better understanding of this science as a whole.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quantum Mechanics, Science, Mysticism, Spirituality, Neurology.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Fozia Bibi
creator: Dr. Omer Farooq Saeed
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

An Analytical Study of Nayer Masood's Stories Collection "Simiya"
type: item
description: Nayer Masood is a reliable and important reference in the history of Urdu fiction. Nayer Masood is one of the fiction writers who changed the current tradition and changed the mood of fiction. The style of Nayer Masood is very unique. He pays more attention to the style than the subject. This is very much consciously and some of the characteristics of the Lucknow civilization are also influenced. The opinion of the critic Waris Alvi is correct in which he says that after reading Nayer Masood's fiction, tell what is in it. His example is like that of a dumb man who has eaten molasses, but nevertheless there are many gems in his creative experience that are capital for experts and nuclear critics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nayer Masood, “Simiya”, important reference, current tradition, style, current tradition, unique characteristics of the Lucknow civilization, Waris Alvi, molasses, nuclear critics.
  topic: keywords
creator: Qamar Abbas Alvi
creator: Dr.Mamuna Subhani
creator: Dr.Ansar Abbas
creator: Dr.Mutahir Shah
creator: Dr.Parveen Kallu
creator: Dr.Muhammad Rahman
creator: Dr.Fatima Andleeb
creator: Dr.Wajid Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

Interdisciplinary Insights: Al-Biruni's Travels through the Lens of History, Anthropology, and Science
type: item
description: Al-Biruni, a luminary of the Islamic Golden Age, traversed the landscapes of the medieval world, leaving an indelible mark on diverse fields such as astronomy, geography, mathematics, anthropology, and history. This review provides an in-depth exploration of Al-Biruni's extensive travels, delving into their profound significance in shaping his intellectual pursuits and contributions. Through meticulous analysis of primary sources and scholarly interpretations, it elucidates the geographic breadth, cultural encounters, and methodological innovations characterizing Al-Biruni's journeys. The article investigates how his observations and insights continue to influence the understanding of various cultures, scientific methodologies, and historical narratives. By critically evaluating Al-Biruni's expeditions, this review not only illuminates the multifaceted dimensions of his scholarship but also underscores his enduring legacy as a trailblazer in the realms of knowledge exchange and cross-cultural understanding. Al-Biruni's travels stand as a testament to his insatiable curiosity and relentless pursuit of truth, offering invaluable insights into the medieval world and inspiring generations of scholars to explore the intersections of science, culture, and history.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Interdisciplinary Insights, Al-Biruni',Travels through the Lens of History, Anthropology, Science
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Farhan Ur Rehman (Corresponding Author)
creator: Hafiz Muhammad Kashif
creator: Muhammad Ajmal
creator: Hafiz Muhammad Ramzan
creator: Muhammad Sohail
creator: Muhammad Noor
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

A Cordial letter to the “Quranists”
type: item
description: There is a new wave of self proclaimed Muslims in today’s day and age who regard themselves as people who strictly follow the Quran solely. This implies that they completely reject and not believe in the literature of Prophetic sayings and lifestyle (hadith and sunnah). One of the label by which this sect goes is called “Quranists”. This letter is divided into three sections. The first section addresses the believers and followers of this thought, challenging their claim of following the Quran only i.e. if they follow the Quran they must follow the ways of Muhammad (PBUH) as well. In order to do this, five possible explanations are considered that a Quranist may have for its belief system, and then they are analysed from the lens of Quran and rationality. These include reasons that can be rooted in logic, emotions, ethics or simple malintent. Section two offers the audience possible consequences that the Quran itself promises those who disobey or reject the Prophet (PBUH) such as hellfire as their ultimate end. Lastly, the letter poses some questions for the quranist to ponder over and take action upon, rather than rationalising their actions, as that is the human essence of justifying the dissonance within ourselves.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Quranists, Hadith Rejectors, Obeying the Messenger.
  topic: keywords
creator: Maira F. Maneka
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

A Critical Review of Khalid Javed's Short Stories
type: item
description: Khalid Javed is an important and reliable name of modern Urdu fiction. The fiction of the modern era and Khalid Javed is indispensable. The major critics of Urdu literature have called him a great fiction writer of the contemporary era. Khalid Javed is the modern era of Urdu fiction who has discovered a unique and unusual style for his fiction which is his specialty. In this chapter, our topic is limited to Khalid Javed's fiction writing. Therefore, we will examine his fictional art only
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Khalid Javed , Modern Urdu fiction , indispensable , contemporary era , unique and unusual style , fictional art , Shamim Hanafi
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr.Nusrat Jabeen
creator: Dr.Parveen Kallu
creator: Dr.Mutahir Shah
creator: Dr.Samina Shamshad
creator: Dr.Muhammad Rahman
creator: Dr.Subhanullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

Impact of Financial Literacy and Self-Control on Financial Well-Being: A Mediating Role of Financial Behavior
type: item
description: The study intends to investigate the impact of financial literacy and self-control on the financial well-being of individuals in a developing country like Pakistan, where we are facing certain peripheral issues such as a dense youth population and feeble financial outreach of the community. Henceforth, having substantial youth and the inability of the formal financial sector to cope with their growing needs the need of making rational financial decision making becomes imperative for the individual's well-being. Precisely, we have highlighted the relationship and effect of financial literacy and self-control on the financial well-being of university students through the mediating role of financial behavior. Furthermore, the data was collected through a modified questionnaire comprising 26 items. The results of the study affirm the importance of financial behavior and financial literacy on the financial well-being of individuals particularly, university dealing youth.The outcomes of the study suggested that financial literacy is important for human well-being, henceforth, the study should be done at a wider scale by including the most sophisticated psychological constructs in the measuring scale.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Financial Behavior,Financial Literacy, Financial Well-Being,Self-Control, Pakistan, PLS-SEM
  topic: keywords
creator: Muzammil Khurshid
creator: Muhammad Azeem
creator: Abdullah Shiham Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

YouTube Advertisements: A blessing or a curse? Generation Z’s perspective about YouTube Advertisements
type: item
description: The research studied impact of informativeness of YouTube ads on purchase intention of consumers, incorporating two moderators, irritability and entertainment and trendiness. The sample consisted of generation Z and the study focused on how generation Z perceives YouTube ads. For the purpose of data analyses AMOS software was used. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model was incorporated in the study. The results depicted that Ad informativeness has a positive relationship with the purchase intention of the product or service being advertised (H1). The extant literature supports the result as it states informativeness has a positive relationship with purchase intention due to the fact that messages that are of high quality are more prone to cultivating the purchase impulse for consumers to purchase the product being advertised (Tan, 2021). If the advertisement is informative it will have a positive and significant impact on consumer’s purchase intention. There were two moderators being studied in the research, irritability and entertainment and trendiness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: YouTube, Advertisements, blessing, or a curse? Generation Z’s perspective
  topic: keywords
creator: Zoraq Mansoor
creator: Amina Talat
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-04-30
publication date: 2024-04-30

History, Culture, and Identity Crisis: An Ethnographic Study of Vadderas in Telangana State, India
type: item
description: India is a diverse country with populations exhibiting varied cultures that have undergone transitions over the years. One such community is that of Vadderas, also known as Odde/Waddars/Vaddirajulu in different dialects. They have many sub-groups such as Kallu Waddars, Mannu Waddars, Uppu Waddars, etc. Historically known as rulers of the erstwhile kingdoms, they shifted to being agriculturalists, then delved into stone-cutting and finally into taking up private jobs. In this paper, the authors etch an ethnographic description of the transitions this particular de-notified community has gone through in the last few years. Using a mixed-method approach to explore the changes, the paper highlights the various challenges this community is facing currently. Data was collected ethnographically from six residential sites of Vadderas using semi-structured schedules. Focussed Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted to elicit detailed responses. Traditionally, the Vadderas depended on stone-cutting and working with soil but due to transcendental changes related to poverty, geographical disparity, and socio-political dynamics, the community has not been able to cross the threshold of development. The next generation is discontinuing the traditional art of stone-cutting and is moving towards urban areas for private jobs, disassociating themselves from the traditional community-based occupation and related identity. The migration in want of better job prospects leads to multiple challenges such as discontinuing agriculture in their native place, children withdrawing from school, poor living conditions at construction sites leading to severe health hazards, and overall alienation from cultural identity. The paradigm shifts in their cultural ethos have also been one of the factors leading to drastic changes in their lifestyle patterns. The paper examines all these challenges in detail and sums up the current scenario wherein the Vadderas are yearning for a better quality of life, …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vadderas, De-notified Tribes, Stone-Cutting, Soil Digging, Identity Crisis
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. G. V. Snigdha Raj
creator: Dr. Sonal Mobar Roy
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-08-31
publication date: 2024-08-31

Relationship between Population Attributes and Built-up Area Expansion in Sargodha District, Pakistan
type: item
description: The evolution of Sargodha district's built environment and population dynamics over the years underscores a discernible trend of urbanization. This research analyzed the built-up area expansion due to population growth characteristics in the study area. The population data for the current study is acquired from the population census of 1998 and 2017 while the built-up area change is analyzed through satellite images. The expansion of housing units played a pivotal role in accommodating the growing population and urban infrastructure. The number of housing units rose significantly from 411,209 in 1998 to 592,044 in 2017. Such a surge underscores efforts to cater to the growing population and enhance infrastructure. Among the district's tehsils, Sargodha Tehsil experienced the most substantial surge in population density. From 704.1 persons per square kilometer in 1998, it soared to 999.45 persons per square kilometer in 2017, depicting a robust growth of 41.9% or 295.35 persons per square kilometer. With an average annual growth rate of 1.86%, Sargodha Tehsil's population increase remained consistent and noteworthy. In contrast, Shahpur Tehsil displayed a comparatively moderate growth in population density. The density grew from 341.7 persons per square kilometer in 1998 to 459.46 persons per square kilometer in 2017, implying a 34.5% rise or 117.76 persons per square kilometer. Shahpur Tehsil's average annual growth rate stood at 1.57%, indicating steady albeit relatively slower population growth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Built-up Area, Density, Expansion, Population growth, Urban Population
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Umar Farooq
creator: Atta-ur-Rahman
creator: Omar Riaz
creator: Maryam Khalid
creator: Brigadier Dr. Muhammad Naeem Qazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 OEconomia
date: 2024-08-31
publication date: 2024-08-31